Ratio and Proportion : Quantative

Ratio and proportion is the heart of arithmetic.  If you understand this chapter properly you can solve virtually any problem in arithmetic.
If two numbers are in the ratio 2:3 means for every two units of the first number, second has 3 units.  This is a mere comparison between numbers, and actual numbers may be way bigger than these numbers.  If you multiply or divide a ratio the comparison does not change. i.e., 2:3 is same as 4:6.
If two numbers are in the ratio a:b then this ration has to be multiplied with a number K, to get actual numbers.  This K is called multiplication factor (MF)
If two ratios are equal then we say they are in proportion.  then $a:b::c:d\Rightarrow a\times d=b\times c$
 or $\frac{a}{b}=\frac{c}{d}\Rightarrow a\times d=b\times c$.

Chain Rule:

Chain rule is comes in handy when there are many variables need to compare with the given variable.  We can understand this rule by observing a practice problem.

Solved Example:
If 12 carpenters working 6 hours a day can make 460 chairs in 24 days, how many chairs will 18 carpenters make in 36 days, each working 8 hours a day?
Let us prepare small table to understand the problem.

Man	Hour	Days	Chair
12	6	24	460
12	8	36	?

Now with repect to the Chairs we need to understand how each variable is related.
If the number of men got increased (i.e., 12 to 18), do they manufacture more chairs or less chairs is the question we have to ask ourselves. If the answer is "more" then the higher number between 12, 18 will go to the numerator and other will go to denominator and vice versa. Here answer is "more"
So $460\times \frac{18}{12}$
Next we go to Hours. If the number of hours they work each day got increases then do they manufactures more chairs or less chairs? Answer is more
So $460\times \frac{18}{12}\times \frac{8}{6}$
Last, If the number of day they work increases then .... answer is more.
So $460\times \frac{18}{12}\times \frac{8}{6}\times \frac{36}{24}=1380$

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$2. The ratio between Sumit's and Prakash's age at present is 2:3. Sumit is 6 years younger than Prakash. The ratio of Sumit's age to Prakash's age after 6 years will be :a. 1 : 2b. 2 : 3c. 3 : 4d. 3 : 8Correct Option: CExplanation:Let their ages be 2x and 3x years.3x-2x=6 or x=6Sumit's age = 12 years, Prakash's age = 24 yearsRatio of their ages = 18 : 24 = 3 :4.\$

3. The salary of two friends Ramu and Raju are in the ratio 4:5. If the salary of each one increases by Rs.6000, then the new ratio becomes 48:55. What is Raju's present salary?

a) Rs.10500 b) Rs.10500 c) Rs.11500 d) Rs.12500

Answer : b) Rs.10500

Solution :

Ratio their salary is 4:5
Let the original salary of Ramu and Raju be 4k and 5k respectively.

After increasing Rs.6000, the ratio becomes 48:55

That is,

(4k+6000)/(5k+6000) = 48/55
55(4k+6000) = 48(5k+6000)
220k+330000 = 240k+288000
20k= 42000

We have to find the original salary of Raju; that is, 5k.

If 20k = 42000 then 5k = 10500.

Hence the required answer is Rs.10500

4. The number of candidates writing three different entrance exams is in the ratio 4:5:6. There is a proposal to increase these numbers of candidates by 40%, 60% and 85% respectively. What will be the ratio of increased numbers?

a) 14:15:16 b) 12:15:19 c)13:19:21 d) none of these

Answer : d) none of these

Solution :

Given ratio of number of candidates is 4:5:6

Let the number of candidates for 3 exams be 4k, 5k and 6k respectively.

After increasing, number of candidates become (140% of 4k), (160% of 5k) & (185% of 6k)
That is, (140x4k)/100, (160x5k)/100 and (185x6k)/100
= 56k/10, 80k/10 and 111k/10

Now, the required new ratio is: 56k/100 : 80k/10 : 111k/10
= 56 : 80 : 111

Hence the answer is option d.

5. The ratio of salary of two persons X and Y is 5:8. If the salary of X increases by 60% and that of Y decreases by 35% then the new ratio of their salaries become 40:27. What is X's salary?

a) Rs.15000 b) Rs.12000 c) Rs.19500 d) data inadequate.

Answer : d) data inadequate

Solution : Ratio of salary of X and Y is 5:8

Let the original salary of X and Y be Rs.5k and Rs.8k respectively.

After increasing 60%, new salary of X = 160% of 5k = 160x5k/100 = 80k/10 ...(1)
After decreasing 35%, new salary of Y = (100-35)% of 8k = 65% of 8k = 52k/10 ...(2)

$$

Given that, new ratio is 40:27
That is, 80k/10 : 52k/10 = 40/27
This does not give the value of k; so that we cannot find X's exact salary.
Hence the answer is data inadequate.

THE HINDU EDITORIAL: 8-JULY–2017

Electric horses

After a century of spectacular growth powered by the internal combustion engine, the automobile industry is taking a serious look at moving away from fossil fuels, with cars, bikes and commercial vehicles powered by electricity. This quest for electro mobility has surged ahead with Volvo, the Sweden based manufacturer owned by China’s Geely, announcing a shift to all-electric or hybrid models from 2019. At the heart of the discussion is the affordability of e-vehicles (EVs) and the range they can cover on a single battery charge, if they are to become an attractive replacement for conventional motors. There is also the question of the sustainability of making millions of batteries that must be recycled. Progress is being made on some of these metrics, as a result of which the sales of all plug-in vehicles rose 40%, at 191,700 units worldwide, in the first quarter of 2017 over the same quarter in 2016. And the International Energy Agency says in its Global EV Outlook Report 2017 that the year-on-year growth was 60%. But in perspective, electric vehicles today make up only 0.2% of all light duty vehicles in the world. What is enlivening the debate on EVs is the entry of Tesla, with its goal to mass-market electric cars that are efficient on range, and offer a minimum of 340 km on one charge, while also scoring high on design. As the single biggest component in making electro mobility mainstream, attention is focused on battery technology. If Tesla’s assessment is correct, the technological limits of this power source are being pushed constantly: less material is being used to produce higher energy density, and at lower cost. Unsurprisingly, many major automobile manufacturers have announced plans for electrics to cater to both ends of the spectrum: marques like BMW and Volkswagen aiming at several affordable models with a moderate range per charge, and luxury cars from Daimler and Audi that run longer and appeal to keen buyers. Electromobility is also politically attractive. France, which floated a global tender at the 2015 Paris climate conference for a mass market car that costs under €7,000, announced recently that it will end the sale of petrol and diesel cars by 2040. India, which committed to reducing the intensity of carbon emissions under the climate agreement, could give electro mobility a boost through its policy on EVs to be declared by December. Making electric two-wheelers and public transport buses attractive through tax incentives is certainly feasible, since these can be charged more easily and used for short trips within cities. The wider challenge today is to find the natural resources such as lithium, cobalt and nickel to make millions of batteries and recycle them later, besides putting up charging infrastructure across entire countries. The solutions are currently expensive. By contrast, the dilemma underscores the elegance of low-cost non-motorised options for cities, such as bicycles and walking.

The waiting game

Ever since the Maha-gathbandhan (grand alliance) of the Janata Dal (United), the Rashtriya Janata Dal and the Congress defeated an ascendant Bharatiya Janata Party in the Bihar elections of 2015, the belief has been that the opposition’s efforts to regroup at the national level will coalesce around these parties. So, when Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar broke ranks and committed the JD(U)’s support to the BJP’s presidential nominee, Ram Nath Kovind, it came as a setback for the entire opposition. Mr. Kovind was the Governor of Bihar till June, and Mr. Kumar called the support a one-of move on account of goodwill for him. Nonetheless, he went on to castigate the Congress for being unable to come up with a coherent alternative to that of the BJP’s agenda, saying a “reactive narrative” would not enable opposition unity. Mr. Kumar’s concerns are not without merit. The Congress put forth the candidature of Meira Kumar clearly as a reactive measure to counter the BJP’s nomination of a Dalit candidate. Till then, the opposition parties had been unable to agree on a candidate due to either a lack of consensus or an inability to set a proactive agenda against the BJP, which seemed to be shaping the contours of the political discourse with ease. But other opposition parties have reason to doubt whether Mr. Kumar was indeed speaking out of a genuine concern for building a strong opposition to the BJP, or working on an exit strategy from the opposition camp so that he could ally with the BJP in time for the 2020 Assembly polls, if not the 2019 Lok Sabha poll. Mr. Kumar had parted ways with the BJP just ahead of the 2014 Lok Sabha election, making an issue of the nomination of Narendra Modi as the BJP’s prime ministerial candidate. Although the JD(U) makes up the numbers in the Assembly in alliance with the RJD, he knows he could forge a winning combination with the BJP too. This is especially so in the context of the family of RJD chief Lalu Prasad, who is himself out on bail in a corruption case, coming under intense pressure from the Central Bureau of Investigation in recent weeks for alleged irregularities. Mr. Kumar had built his initial support base on an anti-corruption platform directed primarily at Mr. Prasad, and a break in ties with the RJD would perhaps not be as much of a surprise as his decision to ally with that party was. By creating this political flutter, Mr. Kumar could also be seeking to increase his own relevance within the opposition to make a bid for the leadership position. He is perceived to be among the possible challengers to Mr. Modi in 2019, and he may be looking to increase his own stock at the expense of the Congress’s. The conflicting signals coming from Mr. Kumar therefore may not reflect any confusion; instead, these could very well be the result of a calculating mind playing the waiting game.

Words

1) Ascendant

Meaning: Increasingly successful or powerful.

Synonym: Flourishing, Developing

Antonym: Declining

2) Coalesce

Meaning: Come or grow together to form one thing or system.

Synonym: Combine, Merge

3) Castigate

Meaning: To criticize someone or something severely.

Synonym: Rebuke, Reprove

Antonym: Praise, Commend

4) Consensus

Meaning: A generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people.

Synonym: Agreement, Concurrence

Antonym: Disagreement

5) Contours

Meaning: The shape of a mass of land or other object, especially its surface or the shape formed by its outer edge.

Synonym: Outline, Shape

6) Indeed

Meaning: Really or certainly, often used to emphasize something.

Synonym: Truly, Extremely

Antonym: Moderately, Slightly

7) Concern

Meaning: To cause worry to someone.

Synonym: Treat, Involve

Antonym: Serenity, Indifference

8) Ally

Meaning: A country that has agreed officially to give help and support to another one, especially during a war; someone who helps and supports someone else.

Synonym: Associate, Combine

Antonym: Enemy, Split

9) Flutter

Meaning: To make a series of quick delicate movements up and down or from side to side, or to cause something to do this.

Synonym: Hover, Thrash

10) Surged

Meaning: A sudden and great increase or movement forward.

Synonym: Rush, Flow

11) Enlivening

Meaning: To make something more interesting.

Synonym: Uplift, Gladden

Antonym: Detract from, Subdue

12) Feasible

Meaning: Able to be made, done, or achieved

Synonym: Practicable, Achievable

Antonym: Impractical, Impossible

13) Elegance

Meaning: Graceful and attractive in appearance or behaviour.

Synonym: Style, Smoothness

Antonym: Inelegance, Messiness

Current Affairs July 10, 2017

1. Centre launches GST Rates Finder app

The Union Finance Minister Shri Arun Jaitley launched a mobile app “GST Rates Finder”, which is now available on android platform and will soon be available on iOS platform as well.  

This Mobile app helps users to find rates of GST for various goods and services.

CBEC has also provided a GST rate finder on its portal  to help the taxpayers know the applicable GST rate on their supplies of goods and services. 

A taxpayer can search for applicable CGST, SGST, UTGST rate and Compensation Cess on a supply.

2. Bengaluru to host conference on social justice

A three-day Babasaheb B.R. Ambedkar international conference on social justice will be held in Bengaluru from July 21 to 23.

Organised by the Karnataka government, Congress Vice President Rahul Gandhi, human rights advocate and activist Martin Luther King III, and 83 international, 149 national and 80 state-level speakers will address about 2,000 participants at the conference.

3. Ahmedabad becomes India’s first World Heritage City

The Walled City of Ahmedabad, founded by Sultan Ahmed Shah in the 15th century, has been declared India’s first World Heritage City.

The World Heritage Committee (WHC) of UNESCO made the announcement following a meeting in Poland’s Krakwo.

It has now joined the privileged club of heritage cities like Paris, Cairo, Edinburg and two cities in the subcontinent, Bhaktpur in Nepal and Galle in Sri Lanka.

4. India to invite heads of 10 ASEAN nations for Republic Day celebrations

India will invite the heads of state or government of all 10 ASEAN nations for the Republic Day parade and celebrations next year.

ASEAN is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and has as members Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.

Republic Day 2018 will be the first time ever that so many leaders will together be chief guests at the parade.

5. SBI in Nepal launches digital village

The State Bank of India has launched a digital village initiative in Nepal by installing a cash recycling centre.

The digital village initiative has been launched in Jarisingpouwa in Shankarapur Rural Municipality, 25 km east from Kathmandu.

The cash counter enables the villagers to deposit and withdraw money through the automatic machine.

6. GST intelligence agency gets new chief

Senior bureaucrat John Joseph has been appointed Director General of Goods and Services Tax Intelligence (DG GSTI), as per an official order.

Joseph, a 1983 batch officer of Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), has worked in the Finance Ministry’s important departments, including the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI).

The DG GSTI is the new name given to the Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence (DGCEI), mandated to check service tax and central excise duty evasion.

7. WHO appoints Saima Hossain as goodwill ambassador

Saima Wazed Hossain has been appointed as the WHO goodwill ambassador for autism in South-East Asia.

Saima’s role as the goodwill ambassador entails promoting the Thimphu declaration which focuses on “integrating the needs of autism affected people, into national health and socioeconomic development plans”.

Saima has previously received the Excellence in Public Health Award in September 2014 by the WHO South-East Asia regional office.

She also became the WHO regional champion for autism in May 2016.

8. P.V Sindhu bags ‘Sportsperson of the Year’ award

Rio Olympics silver medallist P.V Sindhu was bestowed with the Sportsperson of the Year award at the Maruti Suzuki Sports Awards.

Sindhu’s coach P Gopichand received the Coach of the Year award while the Flying Sikh Milkha Singh was given the Living Legend of the Year award.

Young India cricketer K L Rahul was awarded with Gamechanger of the Year award.

The 2008 Beijing Olympics gold medallist and the country’s sole gold medal winner in individual events at Olympics, Abhinav Bindra was given the Lifetime Achievement Award.

9. India tops medal tally at Asian Athletics

India topped the medal tally for first time in the history of Asian Athletics Championships, pushing China to second spot.

India ended the four-day championships on top with their highest ever medal haul of 29 medals (12 gold, 5 silver and 12 bronze.

China ended this edition on second position with 8 gold, 7 silver and 5 bronze.

Asian Athletics Championship 2017 was held in Kalinga Stadium, Bhubaneswar.

10. Former Indian Ambassador to the US Naresh Chandra passes away

Former Indian Ambassador to the US Naresh Chandra died at a hospital in Goa. He was 82.

Chandra had served as the Cabinet Secretary from 1990-92 and was the Indian Ambassador to the US from 1996 to 2001.

He was awarded India's second highest civil awards, the Padma Vibhushan, in 2007.

Current Affairs July 09, 2017

1.  12th G20 Summit held in Hamburg, Germany

The 2017 G20 Hamburg summit was the twelfth meeting of the Group of Twenty (G20), which was held on 7–8 July 2017, at Hamburg Messe, in the city of Hamburg, Germany.

As well as permanent members of the committee, the leaders of Guinea, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, Senegal, Singapore, Spain and Vietnam were also in attendance.

THE G20, or group of 20, is an international meeting between heads of states, finance ministers and central bank governors from the world’s leading economies.

Founded in 1999 to give developing countries a more powerful voice in the global economy, the summit brings together industrialised and emerging economies.

The group makes up 85 per cent of the world’s GDP and two-thirds of its population.

Next G-20 summit will be held in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

2.  Petroleum Minister to represent India at 22nd World Petroleum Congress

Minister of State (I/C) for Petroleum and Natural Gas, Shri Dharmendra Pradhan will be visiting Istanbul, Turkey from 10 - 12 July 2017 to represent India at the 22nd World Petroleum Congress (WPC) International Conference.

During his participation at the Conference, Shri Pradhan will be chairing a Ministerial Session on the subject “Current Economic Strategies in Indian Oil & Gas Sector” and a Plenary Session on ‘Supply and Demand Challenges for Oil, Gas and Products’.

He is scheduled to hold several bilateral meetings with visiting Petroleum Ministers.

The tri-annual WPC Conference is widely recognized as the `Olympics` of the oil and gas industry.

3.  India, Bangladesh to construct bridge along Mizoram border

India and Bangladesh have decided to construct a bridge over Mizoram’s Khawthlangtuipui river (also known as Karnaphuli river) to facilitate trade and improve communication between the two neighbours.

Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina had given the approval to construct the bridge and linking roads.

4. Chhattisgarh tops list of states in issuance of soil health cards

Chhattisgarh has topped the list among all the states in the country for having issued over 43 lakh soil health cards (SHCs) to farmers in the past two years.

As against the target of providing 38,90,709 SHCs in the first phase of the scheme between 2015 and 2017 financial years, as many as 43,37,595 SHCs were issued to farmers in the state.

5.  India’s first university for Dalit students to come up in Hyderabad

A proposal to establish an exclusive university for Dalit students in Hyderabad is under active consideration of the Telangana government.

The university is said to be part of the government’s policy of providing education free of cost to students from weaker sections from kindergarten to post-graduation (KG to PG) level.

The proposal was mooted by a government arm - Telangana Social Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society (TSWREIS).

6.  Goa gets Rs 100 crore for tourism infrastructure

Goa has been allotted Rs 100 crore by the Union ministry for tourism under phase II of the Swadesh Darshan Scheme.

The funds will be used for developing the state's coastal circuit from Panaji to Palolem.

While the initial allotment of Rs 100 crore under phase I for coastal circuit development is being utilized for developing the coastal belt in North Goa from Sinquerim to Keri, the phase II allotment of Rs 100 crore will be utilized for developing the South Goa coastline from Panaji to Palolem.

7.  Naqvi inaugurates first Gharib Nawaz Skill Development Centre in Hyderabad

Minister of State for Minority Affairs (Independent Charge) & Parliamentary Affairs Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi said that besides providing various job-oriented skill development courses, Gharib Nawaz Skill Development Centres of Ministry of Minority Affairs will also offer certificate course in Goods and Services Tax accounting/programming and other related subjects.

While inaugurating the first Gharib Nawaz Skill Development Centre at Vijayanagar Colony in Hyderabad, Shri Naqvi said that the youths, after completing about three-months duration Goods and Services Tax course, will not only be able to help small-medium traders and the common people, but they will also immensely benefitted by this course as it will open vast job opportunities in the related sectors.

8.  Khaltmaa Battulga to be Mongolia’s New President

Khaltmaa Battulga of the opposition Democratic Party, a businessman and former judoka, has won the Mongolian presidential election with more than 50 percent votes.

Miyegombyn Enkhbold, candidate of the ruling Mongolian People's Party (MPP), acknowledged defeat in the second round of the country's presidential election.

9.  Tata Steel bags PM’s trophy for best integrated steel plant

Tata Steel has won the Prime Minister’s trophy for being the best performing integrated steel plant in the country during 2014-15 and 2015-16.

This makes it the third consecutive-year for the firm to be honoured with this coveted award.

Tata Steel has been recognised as the best integrated steel plant for 12 times and has won the PM’s Trophy 10 times.

10.  Hyderabad-headquartered WaterHealth wins global award

Water Health International (WHI), a US-based company with operating headquarters in Hyderabad, has been awarded the Unilever Global Development Award for its endeavours in providing clean, safe and affordable drinking water to marginalised communities in India, Ghana and Nigeria.

It was presented at the 20th Responsible Business Awards ceremony, held in London on July 4.

The award is an annual event organised by the Business in the Community (BITC), a part of the Prince of Wales' Responsible Business Network

Current Affairs July 08, 2017

1. India ranks 23rd in Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2017

The second Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) has placed India at a high 23rd position out of 165 nations.

• The Index measures the commitment of nations across the world to cyber security.
• The GCI was released by the UN telecommunications agency International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
• Singapore ranked first in the Index.

2. Informal BRICS Leaders Meeting in Hamburg

The leaders of the 5 BRICS countries held an informal meeting on the sidelines of G20 Summit in Hamburg, Germany.

• This was in run up to the forthcoming 9th BRICS Summit in September in Xiamen, China.
• In their interventions, the leaders discussed preparations and priorities for the forthcoming Xiamen BRICS Summit.

3. UNESCO puts city of Hebron on its heritage in danger list

UNESCO has declared the Old City of Hebron an endangered world heritage site, sparking outrage from Israel in a new spat at the international body.

• Meeting in Poland, the UN’s cultural arm voted 12 to three — with six abstentions — to give heritage status to Hebron’s Old City in the occupied West Bank, which is home to more than 200,000 Palestinians and a few hundred Israeli settlers.

4. Scheme for IPR Awareness – Creative India; Innovative India

Taking forward the National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy 2016, a ‘Scheme for IPR Awareness – Creative India; Innovative India’ has been launched by Cell for IPR Promotion and Management (CIPAM) under the aegis of the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion.

• The Scheme aims at raising IPR awareness amongst students, youth, authors, artists, budding inventors and professionals to inspire them to create, innovate and protect their creations and inventions across India including Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3 cities as well as rural areas in the next 3 years.  

5. Regional Conference on “Good Governance and Replication of Best Practices”

A two-day Regional Conference on “Good Governance and Replication of Best Practices” involving 12 States and 4 UTs of Northern, Western and Central Region of India was held, at Nainital.

• The Conference was organized on July 7-8, 2017, by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), Government of India, in collaboration with the Government of Uttarakhand & Administrative Training Institute (ATI), Nainital.

6. Nalco, IDCO to set up Aluminium Park in Odisha

Nalco, in collaboration with Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (IDCO), is setting up the first of its kind Aluminium Park in Angul, Odisha.

• Investment to the tune of Rs 180 crore will be made on infrastructure of the project which is expected to generate 15,000 jobs. 
• Odisha currently contributes about 54 per cent of India’s total aluminium smelting capacity.

7. Indian Ambassador to Peru appointed New York Consul General

India’s Ambassador to Peru Sandeep Chakravorty has been appointed as the head of the Indian consulate in New York.

• The 1996 Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officer will replace Riva Ganguly Das as Consul General in one of the busiest Indian diplomatic missions overseas.

8. Indian-origin man awarded Australia's highest civilian award

Guruswamy Jayraman, a 69-year-old Glenwood resident who migrated from Delhi to Australia in 1991, has been awarded Order of Australia for community work, the highest civilian award in Australia.

• He works as a senior accountant with Woollahra Municipal Council for a living and has been devoting most of his spare time in community work for the last 25 years.