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Reading Comprehension

Dear Readers,

Read the passage given below and solve the questions based on the passage

The painter is now free to paint anything he chooses. There are scarcely any forbidden subjects, and today everybody is prepared to admit that a painting of some fruit can be as important as a painting of a hero dying. The Impressionists did as much as anybody to win this previously unheard-of freedom for the artist. Yet, by the next generation, painters began to abandon the subject altogether, and began to paint abstract pictures. Today the majority of pictures painted are abstract.

Is there a connection between these two developments? Has art gone abstract because the artist is embarrassed by his freedom? Is it that, because he is free to paint anything, he doesn’t know what to paint? Apologists for abstract art often talk of it as the art of maximum freedom. But could this be the freedom of the desert island? It would take too long to answer these questions properly. I believe there is a connection. Many things have encouraged the development of abstract art. Among them has been the artists’ wish to avoid the difficulties of finding subjects when all subjects are equally possible.

I raise the matter now because I want to draw attention to the fact that the painter’s choice of a subject is a far more complicated question than it would at first seem. A subject does not start with what is put in front of the easel or with something which the painter happens to remember. A subject starts with the painter deciding he would like to paint such-and-such because for some reason or other he finds it meaningful. A subject begins when the artist selects something for special mention. (What makes it special or meaningful may seem to the artist to be purely visual – its colours or its form.) When the subject has been selected, the function of the painting itself is to communicate and justify the significance of that selection.

It is often said today that subject matter is unimportant. But this is only a reaction against the excessively literary and moralistic interpretation of subject matter in the nineteenth century. In truth, the subject is literary the beginning and end of a painting. The painting begins with a selection (I will paint this and not everything else in the world); it is finished when that selection is justified (now you can see all that I saw and felt in this and how it is more than merely itself).

Thus, for a painting to succeed it is essential that the painter and his public agree about what is significant. The subject may have a personal meaning for the painter or individual spectator; but there must also be the possibility of their agreement on its general meaning. It is at this point that the culture of the society and period in question precedes the artist and his art. Renaissance art would have meant nothing to the Aztecs –and vice versa. If, to some extent, a few intellectuals can appreciate them both today it is because their culture is an historical one; its inspiration is history and therefore it can include within itself, in principle if not in every particular, all known developments to

Daily Wordlist 26, August 2017

Niggardly [ NIG-erd-lee ]
	[ adjective, adverb ]
	MEANING :
	1. (adj.) miserly, stingy or petty when spending 2. (adv.) like a niggard
	USAGE EXAMPLE 1 :
	The niggardly reward given to sportspersons in this country is the main reason why India fares poorly in international sports events.
	USAGE EXAMPLE 2 :
	India might get its own poor law—a prospect the niggardly Victorians could not “contemplate without serious apprehension”. Economist, Employment guarantees in India, Jan 27th 2005

Current Affairs 22nd August, 2017

INTERNATIONAL

1. Festival of India being Organized in Cote D’ivoire, Liberia and Guinea

A Festival of India is being organized in Cote d’Ivoire and concurrently accredited countries of Liberia and Guinea from 15 August, 2017 – 28 January, 2018.

• The Festival will showcase diverse Indian culture, i.e. classical and folk dances.
• The events will be held in four cities of Cote d’Ivoire, namely, Abidjan, Yamassoukro and Grand Bassam and Daloa and capital cities of Monrovia of Liberia and Conakry of Guinea.

Seating Arrangement: Reasoning Quiz

1. Study the following information carefully to answer the given questions.

Eight members P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W of a family are sitting around a rectangular table with all of them facing outwards. Each one of them like different type of music instruments viz. XYLOPHONE, Balafon, Guitar, Piano, VIOLIN, TRUMPET, Accodion and Flute. Three married couples are there in the family.

W is the only sister-in-law of P whereas Q likes TRUMPET and daughter-in-law of RP who is the father of U and uncle of V, sits to the left of the person who likes XYLOPHONE. U is an immediate neighbor of her aunty W who does not sit next to S. R does not like Flute or Accodion. The two youngest members sit next to each other. The one who likes the Balafon sits between V and the one who likes VIOLIN. V is third to the left of S. The one who likes TRUMPET sits between the persons who like Accodion and Flute Respectively. S’s husband and son sit next to her. Piano is not liked by V’s father. V does not like Guitar or Accodion. S is the mother of P and T, and sits second to the left of T.

1. Which of the following statements is true regarding the family?
   1. P is the brother of W
   2. R is the father-in-law of P
   3. Q is the aunty of V
   4. U and V are married couple
   5. None of the Above
2. Who among the following sits between Q and the one who likes Balafon?
   1. P
   2. T
   3. S
   4. V
   5. W
3. What is the position of the person who likes Piano with respect to the one who likes TRUMPET ?
   1. Third to the right
   2. Second to the left
   3. Immediate left
   4. Third to the left
   5. Fourth to the left
4. Who among the following likes Guitar?
   1. W
   2. U
   3. V
   4. X
   5. T
5. Which of the following options represent a pair?
   1. Y, X
   2. W, T
   3. W, R
   4. S, U
   5. None of the above

2. Study the following information carefully to answer the given questions.

Eight players – P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W sit around a square table in such a way that four of them sit on the four sides while the rest at corners. They play different instruments namely Xylophone, Balafon, Guitar, Piano, Violin, Trumpet, Accodion and Flute. Some of them are facing the centre while some are facing outside.(i.e away from the centre)

• Q faces the centre of the table and does not sit on any corner. V sits on one of the corner between the Flute player and Trumpet player. W sits second to the right of Balafon player who faces the centre.
• The Violin player sits third to the left of Q.  S sits opposite to W. P sits on the corner exactly opposite to T. The Balafon player sits third to the right of Accodion player. The Xylophone player does not facing the centre.
• The Trumpet sits opposite to Q, also faces in opposite direction of Q and sits between Accodion player and Violin player. T who is the Violin player sits immediate right to the Piano player.
• The Piano player faces the same direction of the U. The immediate neighbours of Q are facing opposite directions. The Accodion player sits exactly opposite to Guitar player.
• The one who is on the immediate left of U is facing the same direction as W.  R sits third to the left of W.

Note: Same directions means that if one person facing the centre then the other person also faces the centre and vice versa. Opposite direction means if one person is facing the centre then the other person faces outside and vice versa.

6. Who among the following is a Trumpet player?
   A. P
   B. U
   C. T
   D. Can’t be determined
   E. None of these
7. R is related to which of the following Instruments?
   A. Guitar
   B. Xylophone
   C. Accodion
   D. Can’t be determined
   E. None of these
8. Who among the following sits exactly between R and the Xylophone Player?
   A. The person who plays Flute
   B. The person who plays Accodion
   C. The person who plays Balafon
   D. Trumpet
   E. None of these
9. How many persons sit facing the centre?
   A. None
   B. One
   C. Two
   D. Three
   E. Four
10. Which of the following pairs are the immediate neighbors of the Flute player?
    A. P, V
    B. P, R
    C. V, R
    D. Q, R
    E. V, Q

Solution

1. Explanation

1.  Answer – 3. Q is the aunty of V

2. Answer – 4. V
3. Answer – 1. Third to the right
4. Answer – 5. T
5. Answer – 2. W, T

2. Explanation

6. Answer – B. U
7. Answer – A. Guitar
8. Answer – C. The person who plays Balafon
9. Answer – E. Four
10. Answer – A. P, V

Current Affairs Aug 01, 2017

INDIAN AFFAIRS

RCEP trade negotiating Committee meeting held in Hyderabad
19th round of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) Trade Negotiating Committee (TNC) meetings and other related meetings were held from 17^th to 28^th July 2017 in Hyderabad, India.
i. The Meeting was inaugurated by Rita Teaotia, Secretary, Department of Commerce, Government of India on 24 July 2017.
ii. During the 19th round, parallel meetings were held by the three main Working Groups on Trade in Goods, Trade in Services and Investment, including their respective Sub-Working Groups.

Constitution 123rd Amendment Bill passed with amendment in Rajya Sabha
On July 31, 2107, Constitution 123^rd Amendment Bill, 2017 for setting up of a National Commission for Backward Classes was passed by Rajya Sabha after dropping an important clause.
i. Rajya Sabha passed the bill by dropping Clause 3 which pertains to the insertion of a new article 338B about the constitution and powers of the National Commission for Backward Classes.
ii. One amendment sought increase in the number of members of the proposed commission from three to five with reservation for a member from a minority community and another for women. Another amendment spoke about protecting the rights of states by making their recommendations binding.

MMR vaccination campaign launched in Kangra
A campaign to protect children from major childhood diseases like measles, mumps and rubella has been started in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh from August 1, 2017.
More Information about MMR Vaccination Campaign:
i. The campaign has been initiated by Dharamshala Municipal Corporation Mayor Rajni Vyas.
ii. Under the Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccination programme, all children between the age of nine months to 15 years shall be vaccinated.
iii. All government and private schools as well as aanganwaadis shall be covered under the programme by well-trained health officials.

SC bans use of five metals in Firecrackers
The Supreme Court has imposed a ban on the use of five harmful heavy metals likelithium, antimony, mercury, arsenic and lead in the manufacturing of firecrackers as they cause air and noise pollution.
Key Points:
i. The Supreme Court maintained that it is the responsibility of the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) to ensure compliance of ban particularly in Sivakasi in Tamil Nadu where there are a large number of firecracker manufacturers.
ii. The court also asked CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) and PESO to make collaborative efforts for setting up standards with regards to air pollution caused by the bursting of fire crackers.
iii. The Supreme Court order came on a 2015 petition filed by three Delhi children who had requested the court to involve regulating the use of crackers and fireworks during festivals like Diwali.
About Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO):
♦ PESO is a department that controls and administersmanufacture, storage, transport and handling of explosives, petroleum, compressed gasses and other hazardous substances in India.
♦ It is headed by Chief Controller of Explosives and is headquartered at Nagpur, Maharashtra.
♦ It functions under the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

PM Modi announces Rs.2,350 crore relief package for floods in North East region
The Prime Minister, Narendra Modi has announced a package of Rs 2350 crore for relief, rehabilitation and building flood mitigation infrastructure in the flood-affectedNorth-Eastern states including Assam on 1^st August 2017.
Key Points:
i. The PM announced to set up a high-powered committee to find a long-term solution to the flood and erosion problem in the North east region.
ii. Out of the Rs 2350 crore announced by the PM, Rs 1200 crore will be given by the Union.
iii. He said the committee would get in touch with even the flood-hit people in the ground.
iv. The Union Government will also provide Rs 100 crore for carrying out the study by the high-powered committee to synergize efforts towards finding time-bound long term solutions to recurrent floods in the region.
v. The funds will be utilized for repair, maintenance, and strengthening of roads, highways, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure.
vi. In the current financial year, the Union Government has approved Rs 600 crore as central share of SDRF for Assam.
vii. Out of this, Rs 350 crore has already been released, and the remaining Rs 250 crore (included in the total Rs 2350 crore package) will be released immediately, to assist the flood-hit state in relief and rehabilitation work.
viii. The PM had already announced Rs 2 lakh ex-gratia against each of the flood caused death in Assam besides Rs 50,000 for each of the injured.
ix. The announcements came immediately after the PM chaired a series of high-level meetings in which the Prime Minister reviewed the flood situation and flood damages undertaken by the flood-affected state governments in the region.

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

 India, China home to 39% of young Internet users – UN report

As per ‘ICT Facts and Figures 2017’, released by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations specialised agency for Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), India and China are home to 39% of the 830 million young people worldwide who use the Internet.
i. As per the report, there has been a significant increase in broadband access and subscriptions with China leading the way.
ii. Youths (15-24 years old) are at the forefront of Internet adoption. In Least Developed Countries (LDCs), up to 35% of individuals using the Internet are aged 15-24, compared with 13% in developed countries and 23% globally.

China opens its first overseas Military base in Djibouti
China has formally launched its first overseas naval facility in Djibouti, an East African nation.
Key Points:
i. Five Chinese formations and Djibouti’s Three Services HonorGuard took part in the launch ceremony on 1^st of August 2017.
ii. The event marked the 90th anniversary of the Chinese military.
iii. The base is set to enable China to better support its patrols in waters off Somalia and Yemen and carry out international humanitarian operations as well as naval exercises.
iv. More than 300 people attended the ceremony, including deputy Chinese naval commander Tian Zhong and Djibouti’s defense minister.
v. This year, the Chinese military industry commissioned China’s first aircraft carrier, Liaoning, with the second carrier of the same class on the way in coming years.
vi. According to the Chinese press, the Navy is also expecting a third carrier, the nuclear-powered Type 003, to enter service soon.
vii. In mid-July, the Type 052D missile destroyer Changsha, missile frigate Yungchen, and auxiliary ship Luomahu arrived in the Baltic Sea for joint exercises with the Russian Navy.
About Djibouti
♦ Djibouti is a tiny East African nation of around 887,000 people, is between Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia.
♦ It also hosts US, French, and Japanese military bases, taking advantage of the country’s strategic location at the southern entrance to the Red Sea, near the Suez Canal.
♦ The US Navy maintains a sizeable expeditionary base, Camp Lemonnier, at Djibouti’s Ambouli International Airport.

BANKING & FINANCE

Airtel Payment Bank ties up with HPCL for ATM services
Airtel Payments Bank, India’s first payments bank has announced a strategic partnership with Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) on 1^st of August 2017.
Key Points:
i. Under which 14,000 HPCL fuel stations will act as banking points for Airtel Payments Bank. 
ii. It also offer facilities such as opening of account, cash deposit and cash withdrawal to the payment bank’s customers.
iii. Airtel Payments Bank customers will also be able to make digital payments for fuel purchases across 14,000 HPCL fuel stations by using their mobile phones.
iv. These cashless payments can be made via smartphones (MyAirtel App) as well as feature phones (USSD).
v. There is no transaction fee for these digital payments
Airtel Payments Bank’s range of services include:
(a) Digital Banking: Paperless account opening using Aadhaar based e-KYC.
(b)The customer’s mobile number will be his/her bank account number.
(c)Interest rate of 7.25% per annum on deposits in savings accounts.
(d)Money transfer to any bank account in India (free money transfer from Airtel-to-Airtel numbers within Airtel Payments Bank).
(e)Free personal accidental insurance of Rs 1 lakh with every savings Account.
(f)Deposit and withdrawal facility across a wide network of Airtel retail outlets.

BUSINESS

India-Bhutan New Trade and Transit agreement come into force
The new bilateral Agreement on Trade Commerce and Transit between India and Bhutan came into force on 29^th July 2017.
Key Notes:
i. The agreement was last renewed on 29^th July 2006 for ten years.
ii. The validity of the same was extended (with effect from July 29, 2016) for one year or till the new agreement comes into force, through the exchange of diplomatic notes.
It aims to further strengthen the bilateral trade relations between both countries.
iii. The agreement provides for a free trade regime between the territories of India and Bhutan.
iv. The bilateral trade relations between India and Bhutan are governed by the Agreement on Trade, Commerce, and Transit.
v. It also provides for a duty-free transit of Bhutanese merchandise for trade with third countries.
vi. The new agreement was signed on 12^th November 2016 by the Minister of State (IC), Ministry of Commerce and Industry on behalf of the Government of India.
vii. As per the pact’s provisions, it has come into force with effect from 29 July 2017, a date that was mutually decided by the two nations.

AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

Mukesh Ambani becomes Asia’s 2nd richest person
Reliance Industries Chairman Mukesh Ambani has become Asia’s 2^nd richest personannounced on 1^st of August 2017.Ambani Net worth is $35.2 billion.
Key Points:
i .He has overtaken Hong Kong business magnate Li Ka-shing to become Asia’s second-richest man.
ii. According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Ambani’s wealth has seen a rise of $12.1 billion with the oil-to telecom conglomerate’s shares.
iii. LiKa-shing is the richest man in Hong Kong with a business empire that ranges from telecommunications to retail and port.
iv. Mukesh Ambani has announced the launch of the JioPhone. The phone is effectively free for buyers.
v. The buyers will have to pay a refundable security deposit of Rs 1,500 which will be returned to the consumers after a period of 36 months.
vi. According to government data Jio took just nine months after launching with a free introductory offer to rope in 117.3 million users and become India’s fourth-largest operator.

APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNS

 Sameer Garde named Cisco president for India, Saarc region

Tech giant Cisco has named Sameer Garde as President for its India and Saarc operations announced on 31^st of July 2017.
Key Points:
i. Garde would join the company on 1^st August 2017. He succeeds Dinesh Malkani.
ii. He will be responsible for Cisco’s senior-level external engagement, including those with government and industry associations

NITI Aayog Vice Chairman Arvind Panagariya resigns
Arvind Panagariya, the first vice-chairman of NITI Aayog announced his resignation from office on 1^st of August 2017.
Key Points:
i. Arvind was considered to be Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s personal pick for economic reforms.
ii. He said he has written to Prime Minister Narendra Modi to relieve him of his duties by 31^st August as he was not getting an extension of leave from Columbia University.
iii. He is an economist and a professor of economics at Columbia University.
iv. Panagariya has earlier been the Chief Economist of the Asian Development Bank and a Professor of Economics and Co-director, Centre for International Economics, the University of Maryland at College Park.
v. He holds a Ph.D. degree in Economics from Princeton University and was a vocal supporter of Gujarat ‘model’ of development.
vi. Panagariya has also worked for the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisation, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in various capacities.
vii. He has also written and edited 10 books, his latest being India: The Emerging Giant, which was published in March 2008 by the Oxford University Press, New York.
Viii. The book has been described as the ‘a tour de horizon and a tour de force’ by Jagdish Bhagwati.
About NITI Ayog
♦ NITI Aayog or the National Institution for Transforming India is a Government of India policy think-tank established by the BJP government to replace the Planning Commission which followed the top-down model.
♦ Formed: 1 January 2015
♦ Headquarter : New Delhi

Lt.Gen. Abhay Krishna new Eastern Command chief
Lt General Abhay Krishna has appointed as the Chief of the Indian Army’s Eastern Command on 1^st of August 2017.
Key Points:
i. Krishna succeeds Lt Gen Praveen Bakshi who has retired from service.
ii. He was currently serving as the Head of the Army’s Jaipur-based Southwestern Command.
iii. He has served four tenures along the Line of Actual Control on the northern borders and commanded an infantry battalion in Sikkim.
iv. He had also commanded an infantry division and a Corps in the Northeast.
v. He is a gallantry award winner in counter insurgency operations in Manipur and commanded Rashtriya Rifles Battalion in the Kashmir Valley.
vi. He had also served two tenures as UN observer in Mozambique and Rawanda and another in Burundi.
vii. He was responsible for planning operations as Brigadier General Staff of the Dimapur-based 3 Corps.
viii. The appointment of Krishna comes at a time when India is facing a stand-off with Chinese troops along the Sikkim sector.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

 Jeep Compass SUV launched in India

The all-new Jeep Compass SUV has been finally launched in India with prices starting at a very competitive Rs. 14.95 lakh for the entry-level Sport petrol and goes up to Rs. 20.65 lakh (ex-showroom) for the range-topping diesel.
Key Points:
i. The all-new Jeep Compass SUV will be offered in a total of three variants – Sport, Longitude and Limited.
ii. It will be available in both petrol and diesel engine options.
iii. The company has already secured bookings of over 5000 units and 38000 enquiries for Compass.
iv. It is available in 10 different variants and 5 colours. The Compass SUV is available in both 4X2 and 4X4 version.
v. The vehicle is powered by a 1.4-litre multi-air turbocharged petrol engine and 2 litremultijet Diesel engine.
vi. The Jeep Compass will be retailed out of 50 sales outlets including FCA and Jeep Destination store across 47 cities.

ENVIRONMENT

 Earth to warm 2 degrees Celsius by end of this century says Study

As per two different studies, using entirely different methods published in the journal Nature Climate Change, the global temperature is likely to rise more than 2 degrees Celsius by the end of this century.
i. One study used statistical analysis to show that there is a 95% chance that Earth will warm more than 2 degrees at century’s end, and a 1% chance that it’s below 1.5 Celsius.
ii. As per this study, the likely range of global temperature increase is 2.0-4.9degrees Celsius and the median forecast is 3.2 C.

SPORTS

 ICC Rankings: Ravindra Jadeja maintains Top Position, Virat stays 5th

According to the latest ICC Test Rankings Ravindra Jadeja maintained his top positionin the bowlers’ list while India skipper Virat Kohli remained stayed at fifth place in the batting charts released on 1^st of August 2017.
Key Points:
i. In the batsmen’s rankings, Cheteshwar Pujara is the top-ranked Indian at the 4^thposition while opener Shikhar Dhawan climbed 21 places to be ranked 39th.
ii. The batting list is being topped by Australia captain Steve Smith followed by England’s Joe Root and New Zealand’s Kane Williamson.
iii. In the bowlers’ chart, Ravichandran Ashwin replaced Sri Lanka captain Rangana Herath to claim the second spot back.
iv. Herath is third in the rankings. Pacer Mohammed Shami gained a place to be 23rd.
v. In the all-rounders’ list Jadeja and Ashwin also maintained second and third ranksrespectively.
vi. Bangladesh’s Shakib Al Hasan is still maintained at the top of the table.South Africa’s Vernon Philander to take fifth position in the list of all-rounders.
vii. England all-rounder Ben Stokes moved up 12 places to joint-25th position in the rankings for batsmen and also gained two places to reach 19th position.
viii. Jonny Bairstow has gained three slots to reach 9th position and Opening batsman Alastair Cook has moved up three places to 12th position.
ix. James Anderson up one place to joint-third and Moeen Ali up one place to 18th.

 Summer Olympics Host : Paris gets – 2024 , Los Angels – 2028

Paris will host the 2024 Summer OlympicsGames. Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics after reaching a deal with Olympic organizers, the Los Angeles Times reported on 31^st of July 2017.
Key Points:
i. The IOC welcomes this decision of the Los Angeles Olympic and Paralympic Candidature Committee.
ii. The Los Angeles Olympic and Paralympic bid committee in cooperation with the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
iii. IOC president- Thomas Bach

OBITUARY

Eminent Dhrupad singer Ustad SayeeduddinDagar passes away at 78
Ustad Hussain Sayeeduddin Dagar, one of the foremost exponents of the Dhrupad tradition, died on 30^th of July 2017.He was 78.
KeyPoints:
i. Sayeeduddin Dagar was born in Rajasthan on 29^th April 1939 and was part of the illustrious Dagar family of musicians.
ii. He was the youngest of the famous seven ‘Dagar Bandhus’ and had dedicated his life to keeping the Dhrupad tradition alive.
iii. His first guru was his father Ustad Hussainuddin Khan Dagar.Dagarwas also President of Dhrupad Society Jaipur and Pune.
iv. Ustad Sayeedudd in Dagar had performed at some of the most prestigious venues and festivals in India and abroad, including the Tansen Samaroh, Savai Gandharva, Dhrupad Samaroh.
v. He conducted workshops and interactive lecture demonstrations on Dhrupad in India and twice a year in Holland, Germany, France and Belgium.

IMPORTANT DAYS

Non-Cooperation Movement Day – August 1, 2017
The Non-cooperation movement was launched on 1st August 1920 by the Indian National Congress (INC) under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. It signified a new chapter in the history of Indian freedom struggle.
Key Points:
i. On his monthly “Mann Ki Baat” programmme, Modi said August was a month of revolution, the non-cooperation movement was launched on 1^st August 1920, Quit India movement on 9^th August 1942, and India became independent on 15^th August 1947.
ii. He mentioned that this year’s 15^th August should be celebrated as SankalpParv or the day of resolve and in 2022 marking 75 years of freedom, the nation would certainly transform into “siddhi”.
iii .The non-cooperation movement was a decisive step in the independence movement because for the first time, the INC was ready to forego constitutional means to achieve self-rule.
Features of the non-cooperation movement
(a) The movement was essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against the British government in India.
(b) Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
(c) People were asked to resign from their government jobs and People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
(d) People were asked to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods and were asked to boycott the elections to the legislative councils and were asked not to serve in the British army.
(e) It was also planned that if the above steps did not bring results, people would refuse to pay their taxes.
(f) The INC also demanded Swarajya or self-government.
iv. The five years from 1942 to 1947 were decisive for country’s Independence, these five years from 2017 to 2022 must play decisive role for future. 
v. PM Modi added the younger generations must know about the history. The sacrifices of freedom fighters between years 1857 to 1942 inspire us to build great nation. The nation kept on fighting to uproot the British rule.

World breastfeeding week – August 1-7,  2017
World breastfeeding week 2017 is being celebrated from 1^st to 7^th August 2017 with the theme “Sustaining Breastfeeding Together”.
About World Breastfeeding Week (WBW):
i. World Breastfeeding Week (WBW) is an annual celebration which is being held every year from 1 to 7 August.
ii. It was first celebrated in 1992 by World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA) and is now observed in over 120 countries by United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO) and their partners including individuals, organizations, and governments.
iii. Goal of WBW is to promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of lifewhich yields tremendous health benefits, providing critical nutrients, protection from deadly diseases such as pneumonia and fosters growth and development

THE HINDU EDITORIAL: 28, JULY 2017

The Shift In Bihar

Nitish Kumar’s impending split from the Mahagathbandhan, or Grand Alliance, in Bihar had been the subject of speculation for months so that when it came, the only surprise was the swiftness and finality of the separation from Lalu Prasad’s Rashtriya Janata Dal — and of his embrace of the Bharatiya Janata Party. The sequence of events suggests that Mr. Kumar had secured the new alliance and his continuation as Chief Minister before he resigned. This is why the proffered reason for his resignation — the allegations of corruption against his Deputy Chief Minister and Mr. Prasad’s son, Tejashwi Yadav — lacked conviction. Mr. Kumar’s record of shifting fast and loose between allies is a story of political expediency and it is not entirely clear what political compulsion or personal ambition the latest move was born of. If it was naive to believe that in 2013 he led the Janata Dal (United) away from the BJP, with which he led a coalition government in Bihar, because of a sudden aversion to prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi and communalism, then it is just as ingenuous to think that his recent move is a result of a principled fight against corruption. Surely, Mr. Kumar knew he had teamed up with a party led by a man convicted for corruption in the fodder scam when he joined hands with Mr. Prasad to fight the 2015 Bihar Assembly election? The record shows that Mr. Kumar’s rallying cry changes depending on which political party he chooses to be up against. As Mr. Kumar inched closer to the BJP, praising demonetisation, supporting its presidential candidate and even colouring a lotus at a public function, the war on corruption became his overriding theme once again. While it is likely he will steer the JD(U) on this political realignment in the days to come, a question mark remains on how long the new arrangement will last. In the BJP’s take-no-prisoners project to expand its electoral footprint, a multi-cornered contest in Bihar, on the lines of the last Lok Sabha election, could be the best-case scenario for the party in 2019. Will it have any use for the JD(U) then? As for Mr. Kumar, he has since 2005 built a constituency made up of vulnerable subsections of the electorate: women and the more backward among the Other Backward Classes, Dalits (Mahadalits), and Muslims (Pasmanda Muslims). These are voters he has sought to tie in to the development narrative with his various allies and forge winning coalitions. Whether this tactic has run its course will be known at the next election, mid-term or otherwise. The gains to the JD(U) from the patch-up are not immediately evident, if indeed Mr. Kumar sees something more durable than a settling of scores with Mr. Prasad. What is without doubt is that opposition unity has suffered a setback. The Mahagathbandhan was perceived as the template for taking on the BJP nationally — what’s more, there were many people who hoped, and once again naively, that Mr. Kumar would be at the heart of it.

A crisis of trust

During the past week, it became evident that U.S. President Donald Trump takes a dim view of his Attorney General, Je Sessions, a man whose appointment to that key role he fought resolutely for in the face of serious objections. This is not a clash of egos, but another instance of Mr. Trump’sdisdain for constitutional propriety regarding conflicts of interest and the murky issue of Russia’s influence on the 2016 presidential election. The current episode dates back four months, to when Mr. Sessions recused himself from the FBI’s inquiry into whether Moscow had interfered in the election. Although Mr. Trump at the time dismissed the notion that such action was called for, Mr. Sessions’s recusal was consistent with settled norms and with his own reassurances on Capitol Hill that he would consider being removed from any process where he thought his “impartiality might reasonably be questioned”. The President’s anger at the FBI investigation then swelled, leading to the abrupt firing of the Bureau’s Director James Comey in May. Mr. Comey had previously told the House of Representatives’ Intelligence Committee that the FBI was investigating whether the Trump campaign coordinated with Russia during the election. Since July 24, Mr. Trump has stepped up his public attacks on Mr. Sessions, describing the recusal as “very unfair”, and suggesting that Mr. Sessions showed bias in favour of Democratic election rival Hillary Clinton by not probing her emails as he should have. Observers are not surprised that Mr. Trump, a man of his own making, has shown himself to be comfortable with a casual approach toward conflicts of interest. Yet what they may not have anticipated is the extent to which his desire to protect the personal interests of his family and the business interests of the Trump Organization could eventually lead to a chasm between the White House and the Republican Party. After all, many among the party’s traditional conservatives believe firmly in the established traditions of checks and balances within the government system and would view the suspected Russian meddling through the lens of fiercepatriotism. The clearest indication that trust is fraying between the Oval Office and Capitol Hill is the fact that Representatives this week passed a tough sanctions bill with proposed measures targeting Moscow, by an overwhelming 419-3 vote. This would hamper Mr. Trump’s strategy of extending the hand of friendship to Vladimir Putin. Mr. Trump can ill afford such a trust de- cit, especially when his own officials appear to be uncertain over their boss plans. This would apply, for instance, to Defence Secretary James Mattis, who was on vacation when Mr. Trump unexpectedly announced a ban on transgender persons in the military.

WORDS/ VOCABULARY

1) Impending

Meaning: Be about to happen.

Example: My impending departure.

Synonyms: Imminent, Forthcoming

2) Speculation

Meaning: The forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence.

Example: There has been widespread speculation that he plans to quit.

Synonyms: Conjecture, Theorizing

3) Swiftness

Meaning: Lack of delay; promptness.

Example: Researchers were impressed with the swiftness of responses.

Synonyms: Suddenness, Abruptness

Antonyms: Lateness, Tardiness

4) Alliance

Meaning: A union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations.

Example: A defensive alliance between Australia and New Zealand.

Synonyms: Association, Union

Antonyms: Distance, Separation

5) Proffered

Meaning: Hold out or put forward (something) to someone for acceptance.

Example: She proffered a glass of wine.

Synonyms: Offer, Tender

Antonyms: Refuse, Withdraw

6) Expediency

Meaning: The quality of being convenient and practical despite possibly being improper or immoral; convenience.

Example: An act of political expediency.

Synonyms: Convenience, Advantage

Antonyms: Disadvantage

7) Naive

Meaning: (Of a person or action) showing a lack of experience, wisdom, or judgement.

Example: The rather naive young man had been totally misled.

Synonyms: Innocent, Unsophisticated

Antonyms: Experienced, Worldly

8) Coalition

Meaning: A temporary alliance for combined action, especially of political parties forming a government.

Example: A coalition between Liberals and Conservatives.

Synonyms: Alliance, Union, Partnership

9) Aversion

Meaning: A strong dislike or disinclination.

Example: They made plain their aversion to the use of force.

Synonyms: Disinclination, Abhorrence

Antonyms: Liking, Inclination, Desire

10) Fodder

Meaning: Food, especially dried hay or straw, for cattle and other livestock.

Example: Young people ending up as factory fodder.

11) Scam

Meaning: A dishonest scheme; a fraud.

Example: An insurance scam.

Synonyms: Fraud, Swindle

12) Rallying

Meaning: The action or process of coming together to support a person or cause.

Example: The rallying of ethnic minorities to form a new opposition party.

13) Patch up

Meaning: To try to improve a relationship after there have been problems.

Example: Jackie and Bill are still trying to patch up their marriage.

14) Attorney

Meaning: A person, typically a lawyer, appointed to act for another in business or legal matters.

Example: She’s an attorney who advises companies about mergers and takeovers.

Synonyms: Lawyer, Legal practitioner

15) Resolutely

Meaning: In an admirably purposeful, determined, and unwavering manner.

Example: She resolutely refused to be bullied by those around her.

16) Disdain

Meaning: The feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one’s consideration or respect.

Example: Her upper lip curled in disdain.

Synonyms: Contempt, Scorn

Antonyms: Admiration, Respect

17) Propriety

Meaning: Conformity to conventionally accepted standards of behaviour or morals.

Example: He always behaved with the utmost propriety.

Synonyms: Decorum, Decency

Antonyms: Impropriety, Indecorum

18) Murky

Meaning: Dark and gloomy, especially due to thick mist.

Example: The sky was murky and a thin drizzle was falling.

Synonyms: Dark, Grey

Antonyms: Bright, Sunny

19) Recused

Meaning: Challenge (a judge or juror) as unqualified to perform legal duties because of a potential conflict of interest or lack of impartiality.

Example: He was recused when he referred to the corporation as ‘a bunch of villains.

20) Capitol

Meaning: A building in which a US state government meets.

Example: The Oklahoma State Capitol.

21) Swelled

Meaning: Become or make greater in intensity, number, amount, or volume.

Example: The low murmur swelled to a roar.

Synonyms: Increase, Enlarge

Antonyms: Decrease, Wane

22) Abrupt

Meaning: Sudden and unexpected.

Example: I was surprised by the abrupt change of subject.

Synonyms: Sudden, Immediate

Antonyms: Gradual, Unhurried

23) Probing

Meaning: Explore or examine (something), especially with the hands or an instrument.

Example: Hands probed his body from top to bottom.

Synonyms: Examine, Poke

24) Anticipated

Meaning: Regard as probable; expect or predict.

Example: She anticipated scorn on her return to the theatre.

Synonyms: Expect, Foresee

Antonyms: Dread

25) Chasm

Meaning: A deep fissure in the earth’s surface.

Example: A chasm a mile long.

Synonyms: Gorge, Canyon

26) Fierce

Meaning: Having or displaying a violent or ferocious aggressiveness.

Example: Fierce fighting continued throughout the day.

Synonyms: Ferocious, Savage

Antonyms: Tame, Mild

27) Fraying

Meaning: (Of a fabric, rope, or cord) unravel or become worn at the edge, typically through constant rubbing.

Example: cheap fabric soon frays.

Synonyms: Unravel, Wear

28) Overwhelming

Meaning: Very great in amount.

Example: His party won overwhelming support.

Synonyms: Very large, Profuse

Antonyms: Small

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